Church supporters, including the Vatican’s official newspaper, viciously condemned Dreyfus and called for attacks against Jews for treason. Scholars view the Dreyfus Affair as emblematic of the tension between Catholic and Republican forces in France. Global Jewry was shocked that such blatant antisemitism could occur in a nation that proclaimed liberty, equality and fraternity. Still, he was found guilty and only freed after a presidential pardon. Dreyfus was retried and acquitted following pressure on the army after the information was leaked. When later evidence showed that testimony was falsified, the French army attempted to cover up their mistake. Amidst accusations about his loyalty to France, Dreyfus was exiled to Devil’s Island on account of a colonel’s testimony. In 1894, Captain Alfred Dreyfus, a French Jew, was arrested on the charge of spying for the Prussians following France’s loss in the Franco-Prussian War. In a broader effort to convert the Jews to Christianity, nearly 10,000 handwritten Jewish holy texts were burned on the charge of blasphemy. ![]() The Disputation of Paris in 1240 involved Pope Gregory IX’s efforts to censor the Talmud, a collection of rabbinic commentary in Judaism, through the court of King Louis IX of France. The antisemitic attitudes that prompted them, especially calls for vengeance against “the murderers of Christ,” continued well beyond the 11th century with its climax of the Holocaust (although antisemitism is still very much alive in Europe today). Some Jewish residents fled while others found by the Crusaders underwent forced conversion or were killed.Īs we all know, the Rhineland Massacres weren’t the end of Jewish persecution in Europe. Jewish towns in central and western Germany were attacked and plundered. ![]() ![]() The most notable of these incidents was the Rhineland Massacres of 1096, which is considered the first large-scale act of antisemitic violence in medieval Europe. Before they arrived, though, Crusaders found themselves pillaging Jewish villages along their journey. Following Pope Urban II’s call to wage war on Muslims, members of the First Crusade took up arms and departed Europe to conquer the Holy Land.
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